Это гипотетический пример:
table, thead, tbody, tr { width: 100%; }
table { table-layout: fixed }
table > thead > tr > th { width: auto; }
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Column A</th>
<th>Column B</th>
<th>Column C</th>
<th class="absorbing-column">Column D</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Data A.1 lorem</td>
<td>Data B.1 ip</td>
<td>Data C.1 sum l</td>
<td>Data D.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Data A.2 ipsum</td>
<td>Data B.2 lorem</td>
<td>Data C.2 some data</td>
<td>Data D.2 a long line of text that is long</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Data A.3</td>
<td>Data B.3</td>
<td>Data C.3</td>
<td>Data D.3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>